CALS Initiative by DoD in USA
CALS was presented in ‘90 in order to improve quality, reduce lead times, minimize design changes and save on costs. Based on this approach Northrop reduced internal design change (by 75% factor) and changes during validation phase (by a 46% factor).
The first step in CALS initiative was to move all project data on electronic format; Boeing adopted such approach for 777 model creating a 3.4 Terabytes database able to include all design information and models.